SS 1

Revision – First & Second Term

Physics SS 1 Third Term (Week 1)

📌 Welcome to Third Term!

This lesson is a comprehensive revision of ALL topics from First and Second Term. We will recap key concepts, consolidate formulas, and work through mixed examples to ensure you have a solid foundation before moving forward into new Third Term topics like Refraction, Lenses, Sound Waves, Magnetism, and Electricity.

FIRST TERM TOPICS (Weeks 1–9)

Week	Topic	Key Concepts
1	Introduction to Physics	Branches (Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Optics, etc.), Scientific Method, Fundamental & Derived Quantities
2	Measurement	SI Units, Measuring Instruments (Ruler, Vernier Calliper, Micrometer), Errors (Systematic & Random)
3	Scalars & Vectors	Definitions, Examples (Scalar: mass, speed; Vector: force, velocity), Vector representation, Resultant vectors
4	Position & Motion	Distance vs. Displacement, Speed vs. Velocity, Acceleration, Equations of motion (Uniform acceleration)
5	Force I	Definition, Types (Contact: Friction, Tension; Non-contact: Gravitational, Magnetic), Effects of force, Resultant force
6	Force II – Friction	Static, Limiting, Dynamic friction; Advantages (grip, walking) & Disadvantages (wear, heat); Methods to reduce friction
7	Work, Energy & Power I	Work (W = F × d), Kinetic Energy (½mv²), Potential Energy (mgh), Power (P = W/t), Conservation of energy
8	Moments	Principle of Moments (Clockwise = Anti-clockwise), Levers (First, Second, Third class), Center of gravity
9	Elasticity	Hooke's Law (F = k × e), Elastic limit, Spring constant (k), Force-extension graph

SECOND TERM TOPICS (Weeks 2–9)

Week	Topic	Key Concepts
2	Pressure	P = F/A, P = ρgh, atmospheric pressure, Pascal's Principle, hydraulic press, barometer, manometer.
3	Density and Relative Density	ρ = m/V, R.D. = ρ_substance/ρ_water, density bottle, Archimedes' principle, hydrometer.
4	Heat I – Temperature & Thermometers	Temperature vs heat, thermometric properties, types of thermometers, Celsius/Fahrenheit/Kelvin scales, conversion formulas, calibration.
5	Heat II – Thermal Expansion	ΔL = αL₀ΔT, β ≈ 2α, γ ≈ 3α, anomalous expansion of water, bimetallic strip, expansion gaps.
6	Heat III – Thermal Conductivity	Q/t = kAΔT/L, good vs bad conductors, Fourier's Law, applications (cooking pots, insulation).
7	Heat IV – Latent Heat	L_f = Q/m, L_v = Q/m, heating/cooling curves, phase changes, refrigeration, sweating.
8	Heat V – Gas Laws	Boyle's Law (P₁V₁ = P₂V₂), Charles's Law (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂), Pressure Law (P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂), Combined Gas Law, PV = nRT.
9	Light I – Reflection	Laws of reflection (i = r), specular vs diffuse reflection, plane mirrors, real vs virtual images, lateral inversion.

First & Second Term Topics – Summary

Key Formula Summary – Complete

Topic	Formula	Variables
FIRST TERM FORMULAS
Speed/Velocity	v = s/t	s = displacement, t = time
Acceleration	a = (v − u)/t	v = final velocity, u = initial velocity
Equations of Motion	v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as	s = displacement
Force	F = ma	m = mass, a = acceleration
Weight	W = mg	g = 9.8 m/s²
Friction	F = μR	μ = coefficient of friction
Work	W = F × d × cos θ	d = displacement, θ = angle
Kinetic Energy	KE = ½mv²	v = velocity
Potential Energy	PE = mgh	h = height
Power	P = W/t	W = work, t = time
Moment	M = F × d	d = perpendicular distance
Hooke's Law	F = kx	k = spring constant, x = extension
SECOND TERM FORMULAS
Pressure	P = F/A	F = force, A = area
Pressure in Fluids	P = ρgh	ρ = density, g = gravity, h = depth
Density	ρ = m/V	m = mass, V = volume
Relative Density	R.D. = ρ_substance/ρ_water	ρ_water = 1000 kg/m³
Thermal Expansion (Linear)	ΔL = αL₀ΔT	α = coefficient of linear expansion
Thermal Conductivity	Q/t = kAΔT/L	k = thermal conductivity
Latent Heat of Fusion	L_f = Q/m	Q = heat energy, m = mass
Latent Heat of Vaporization	L_v = Q/m	Q = heat energy, m = mass
Boyle's Law	P₁V₁ = P₂V₂	T = constant
Charles's Law	V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂	P = constant
Pressure Law	P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂	V = constant
Combined Gas Law	P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂	n = constant
Temperature Conversion	°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32	—
Temperature Conversion	K = °C + 273.15	—
Reflection	i = r	i = angle of incidence, r = angle of reflection

Topic-by-Topic Revision

FIRST TERM TOPICS

Week 1: Introduction to Physics

🔑 Key Points:

Physics: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
Branches: Mechanics, Heat & Thermodynamics, Waves & Optics, Electricity & Magnetism, Atomic & Nuclear, Modern Physics.
Fundamental Quantities: Length (m), Mass (kg), Time (s), Current (A), Temperature (K), Amount (mol), Luminous Intensity (cd).
Scalars: Mass, length, time, speed, energy. Vectors: Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration.

Week 2: Measurement

🔑 Key Points:

Instruments: Metre rule (0.1 cm), Vernier calliper (0.01 cm), Micrometer screw gauge (0.001 cm).
Errors: Systematic (zero error), Random (parallax), Gross.
Precision: Repeatability. Accuracy: Closeness to true value.
Significant Figures: Non-zero digits are significant; zeros between non-zero digits are significant.

Week 3: Scalars and Vectors

🔑 Key Points:

Scalar: Only magnitude (e.g., mass, length, time, speed).
Vector: Magnitude + direction (e.g., force, velocity, displacement).
Speed: Scalar (distance/time). Velocity: Vector (displacement/time).
Distance: Total path length. Displacement: Straight-line change in position.

Week 4: Position and Motion

🔑 Key Points:

Equations of Motion: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as.
Acceleration: a = (v − u)/t.
Graphs: Distance-time (slope = speed), Velocity-time (slope = acceleration, area = displacement).

Week 5: Force I

🔑 Key Points:

Newton's Laws: 1st (Inertia), 2nd (F = ma), 3rd (Action-Reaction).
Weight: W = mg (force of gravity).
Free Body Diagram: Shows all forces acting on an object.

Week 6: Friction

🔑 Key Points:

Types: Static, Sliding, Rolling, Fluid.
Formula: F = μR (μ = coefficient of friction).
Advantages: Walking, braking, gripping. Disadvantages: Wear and tear, heat, energy loss.

Week 7: Work, Energy and Power

🔑 Key Points:

Work: W = F × d × cos θ.
Kinetic Energy: KE = ½mv². Potential Energy: PE = mgh.
Power: P = W/t.
Conservation: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Week 8: Moments

🔑 Key Points:

Moment: Moment = F × d (turning effect).
Principle of Moments: Sum of clockwise moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments.
Centre of Gravity: Point where weight appears to act.

Week 9: Elasticity

🔑 Key Points:

Hooke's Law: F = kx.
Stress: σ = F/A. Strain: ε = ΔL/L₀.
Young's Modulus: E = σ/ε = (F × L₀)/(A × ΔL).

SECOND TERM TOPICS

Week 2: Pressure

🔑 Key Points:

Pressure = Force / Area (P = F/A). Unit: Pascal (Pa).
Pressure in fluids: P = ρgh. Increases with depth.
Atmospheric pressure at sea level = 101,325 Pa (1 atm).
Pascal's Principle: Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
Applications: Hydraulic press, barometer, manometer.

Week 3: Density and Relative Density

🔑 Key Points:

Density = Mass / Volume (ρ = m/V). Unit: kg/m³.
Relative Density = ρ_substance / ρ_water (no units).
Density of water = 1000 kg/m³ (or 1 g/cm³).
Methods: Regular objects (geometric calculation), Irregular objects (water displacement), Liquids (density bottle).
Applications: Hydrometer, ships, hot air balloons.

Week 4: Temperature and Thermometers

🔑 Key Points:

Temperature ≠ Heat. Temperature = measure of average kinetic energy.
Thermometric properties: Expansion, resistance, pressure, voltage.
Scales: Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (K).
Conversions: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32; K = °C + 273.15.
Mercury vs Alcohol: Mercury has high boiling point, uniform expansion, but toxic. Alcohol has low freezing point, cheap, but wets glass.

Week 5: Thermal Expansion

🔑 Key Points:

Linear: ΔL = αL₀ΔT.
Area: β ≈ 2α.
Volume: γ ≈ 3α.
Anomalous expansion of water: Maximum density at 4°C; expands when cooled below 4°C.
Applications: Bimetallic strip (thermostats), expansion gaps (bridges, railways), thermometers, hot air balloons.

Week 6: Thermal Conductivity

🔑 Key Points:

Good conductors: Metals (silver, copper, aluminium).
Insulators: Wood, glass, rubber, plastic, air.
Fourier's Law: Q/t = kAΔT/L.
Factors: Material type, temperature, density, purity, physical state.
Applications: Cooking pots (conductors), heat sinks, thermos flasks, building insulation (insulators).

Week 7: Latent Heat

🔑 Key Points:

Latent heat: Hidden heat during phase change (no temperature change).
L_f = Q/m (fusion: solid ↔ liquid). Water L_f = 3.34 × 10⁵ J/kg.
L_v = Q/m (vaporization: liquid ↔ gas). Water L_v = 2.26 × 10⁶ J/kg.
Heating curve: Flat sections at melting and boiling points.
Applications: Refrigeration (evaporation), sweating (cooling), steam cooking, ice cooling.

Week 8: Gas Laws

🔑 Key Points:

Boyle's Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (constant T).
Charles's Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (constant P).
Pressure Law: P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ (constant V).
Combined: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂.
General: PV = nRT (R = 8.314 J/mol·K).
Important: Temperature must be in KELVIN (K = °C + 273).

Week 9: Light – Reflection

🔑 Key Points:

Light travels in straight lines (rectilinear propagation).
Laws: (i) Incident ray, reflected ray, normal in same plane. (ii) i = r.
Specular (smooth → clear image) vs Diffuse (rough → scattered).
Plane mirror image: Virtual, upright, same size, laterally inverted, image distance = object distance.
Real image: can be projected, inverted. Virtual image: cannot be projected, upright.

Mixed Revision Questions – Complete

Section A: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct option)

Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
A) Force B) Velocity C) Mass D) Displacement
The SI unit of force is:
A) Joule B) Newton C) Watt D) Pascal
Pressure is defined as:
A) Force × Area B) Force / Area C) Area / Force D) Mass / Volume
Which of the following is a good conductor of heat?
A) Wood B) Rubber C) Copper D) Glass
Hooke's Law states that:
A) F = kx B) F = k/x C) F = x/k D) F = kx²
Kinetic energy is given by:
A) mgh B) ½mv² C) mv² D) ½mgh
Charles's Law states that at constant pressure:
A) V ∝ 1/T B) V ∝ T C) P ∝ 1/V D) P ∝ T
A plane mirror produces an image that is:
A) Real and inverted B) Real and upright C) Virtual and upright D) Virtual and inverted
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection is the:
A) First Law of Reflection B) Second Law of Reflection C) Third Law of Reflection D) Law of Refraction
Water has maximum density at:
A) 0°C B) 4°C C) 100°C D) 25°C

Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-B, 4-C, 5-A, 6-B, 7-B, 8-C, 9-B, 10-B

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Define physics and state its three branches.
What is the difference between precision and accuracy?
Distinguish between speed and velocity.
State Newton's three laws of motion.
Define pressure and state its SI unit.
What is the difference between density and relative density?
State the two laws of reflection.
What is the difference between temperature and heat?
State Boyle's Law in words.
What is latent heat of vaporization?

Section C: Calculation Questions

A car travels 120 km in 2 hours. Calculate its speed in m/s.
A force of 50 N is applied to a 10 kg object. Calculate the acceleration.
A spring extends by 0.12 m when a force of 30 N is applied. Calculate the spring constant.
A force of 200 N acts on an area of 0.5 m². Calculate the pressure.
A liquid has a mass of 400 g and a volume of 200 cm³. Calculate its density in g/cm³ and kg/m³.
An iron rod of length 3.0 m at 20°C is heated to 80°C. Calculate the increase in length. (α = 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ /°C)
How much heat is required to melt 2.0 kg of ice at 0°C? (L_f = 3.34 × 10⁵ J/kg)
A gas occupies 0.3 m³ at 200,000 Pa. If the pressure is increased to 300,000 Pa at constant temperature, what is the new volume?
Convert 25°C to Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
An object is placed 20 cm in front of a plane mirror. How far behind the mirror is the image formed?

Answers to Section B

1. Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. Branches: Mechanics, Heat & Thermodynamics, Electricity & Magnetism.

2. Precision is how close repeated measurements are to each other; accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value.

3. Speed is scalar (distance/time); velocity is vector (displacement/time).

4. 1st: Inertia. 2nd: F = ma. 3rd: Action-reaction.

5. Pressure = Force / Area. SI unit: Pascal (Pa).

6. Density is mass per unit volume (kg/m³); relative density is the ratio of density of a substance to that of water (no units).

7. (i) Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane. (ii) Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.

8. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy; heat is energy that flows due to temperature difference.

9. For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

10. Latent heat of vaporization is the heat required to change a liquid to gas at its boiling point without temperature change.

Answers to Section C

1. Speed = 120/2 = 60 km/h = 60 × 1000/3600 = 16.67 m/s

2. a = F/m = 50/10 = 5 m/s²

3. k = F/x = 30/0.12 = 250 N/m

4. P = 200 / 0.5 = 400 Pa

5. ρ = 400 / 200 = 2 g/cm³ = 2000 kg/m³

6. ΔT = 80 − 20 = 60°C; ΔL = 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ × 3.0 × 60 = 2.16 × 10⁻³ m = 2.16 mm

7. Q = 2.0 × 3.34 × 10⁵ = 6.68 × 10⁵ J (668 kJ)

8. P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ → 200,000 × 0.3 = 300,000 × V₂ → V₂ = 0.2 m³

9. °F = (25 × 9/5) + 32 = 77°F; K = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 K

10. Image distance = Object distance = 20 cm behind the mirror.

Examination Preparation Tips

📌 Tips for Success:

Review all formulas – make a formula sheet and memorise them.
Understand key definitions – be able to explain concepts in your own words.
Practice calculations – work through all examples and assignment questions.
Know your units – be familiar with SI units for all quantities.
Use Kelvin for gas law problems – always convert °C to K.
Draw diagrams – practice drawing reflection ray diagrams and heating curves.
Know the properties of water – density at 4°C, latent heat values.
Time management – allocate time for each section during the exam.

✅ Ready for Third Term!

You have now revised ALL topics from First and Second Term. You are well-prepared to begin Third Term topics including Refraction, Lenses, Sound Waves, Magnetism, and Electricity. Keep up the great work! 💪

Board Summary

╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ SS1 PHYSICS – FIRST & SECOND TERM REVISION ║ ╠════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ ║ ║ FIRST TERM TOPICS: ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ Week 1: Introduction to Physics ║ ║ Week 2: Measurement ║ ║ Week 3: Scalars & Vectors ║ ║ Week 4: Position & Motion ║ ║ Week 5: Force I ║ ║ Week 6: Force II – Friction ║ ║ Week 7: Work, Energy & Power ║ ║ Week 8: Moments ║ ║ Week 9: Elasticity ║ ║ ║ ║ SECOND TERM TOPICS: ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ Week 2: Pressure ║ ║ Week 3: Density & Relative Density ║ ║ Week 4: Temperature & Thermometers ║ ║ Week 5: Thermal Expansion ║ ║ Week 6: Thermal Conductivity ║ ║ Week 7: Latent Heat ║ ║ Week 8: Gas Laws ║ ║ Week 9: Light – Reflection ║ ║ ║ ║ KEY EQUATIONS: ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as ║ ║ • F = ma, W = mg, F = μR, F = kx ║ ║ • W = Fd, KE = ½mv², PE = mgh, P = W/t ║ ║ • M = Fd, P = F/A, P = ρgh, ρ = m/V ║ ║ • L_f = Q/m, L_v = Q/m, Q/t = kAΔT/L ║ ║ • P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂, P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ ║ ║ • P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂, PV = nRT ║ ║ • °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32, K = °C + 273.15 ║ ║ • i = r (Reflection) ║ ║ ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝