SS 1

Revision – First Term

Physics SS 1 First Term

📌 Welcome to Your First Term Revision!

This comprehensive revision covers all the topics from the First Term. Use this to:

Review key concepts from each topic
Practice with revision questions
Prepare for your end-of-term examination
Identify areas that need more attention

Topics Covered in First Term

Week	Topic	Key Concepts
1	Introduction to Physics	Definition, branches, importance, fundamental quantities, scalars vs vectors, scientific notation, prefixes
2	Measurement	Measuring instruments (length, mass, time, temperature), errors, precision vs accuracy, significant figures, unit conversion
3	Scalars and Vectors	Scalar vs vector quantities, speed vs velocity, distance vs displacement, vector addition
4	Position and Motion	Distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, equations of motion, motion graphs
5	Force I	Definition of force, types of forces, Newton's Laws of Motion, mass vs weight, free body diagrams
6	Force II – Friction	Types of friction, factors affecting friction, coefficient of friction, advantages and disadvantages
7	Work, Energy and Power	Definition of work, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy, power
8	Moments	Turning effect, moment formula, Principle of Moments, centre of gravity, stability
9	Elasticity	Hooke's Law, spring constant, elastic limit, stress, strain, Young's modulus

First Term Topics – Summary

Topic 1: Introduction to Physics – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Physics: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
Branches: Mechanics, Heat & Thermodynamics, Waves & Optics, Electricity & Magnetism, Atomic & Nuclear, Modern Physics.
Fundamental Quantities: Length (m), Mass (kg), Time (s), Current (A), Temperature (K), Amount (mol), Luminous (cd).
Scalars: Mass, length, time, speed, energy. Vectors: Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration.

Topic 2: Measurement – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Instruments: Metre rule (0.1 cm), Vernier calliper (0.01 cm), Micrometer screw gauge (0.001 cm).
Errors: Systematic (zero error), Random (parallax), Gross.
Precision: Repeatability. Accuracy: Closeness to true value.
Significant Figures: Non-zero digits are significant; zeros between non-zero digits are significant.

Topic 3: Scalars and Vectors – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Scalar: Only magnitude (e.g., mass, length, time, speed).
Vector: Magnitude + direction (e.g., force, velocity, displacement).
Speed: Scalar (distance/time). Velocity: Vector (displacement/time).
Distance: Total path length. Displacement: Straight-line change in position.

Topic 4: Position and Motion – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Equations of Motion: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as.
Acceleration: a = (v − u)/t.
Graphs: Distance-time (slope = speed), Velocity-time (slope = acceleration, area = displacement).

Topic 5: Force I – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Newton's Laws: 1st (Inertia), 2nd (F = ma), 3rd (Action-Reaction).
Weight: W = mg (force of gravity).
Free Body Diagram: Shows all forces acting on an object.

Topic 6: Force II – Friction – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Types: Static, Sliding, Rolling, Fluid.
Formula: F = μR (μ = coefficient of friction).
Advantages: Walking, braking, gripping. Disadvantages: Wear and tear, heat, energy loss.

Topic 7: Work, Energy and Power – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Work: W = F × d × cos θ.
Kinetic Energy: KE = ½mv². Potential Energy: PE = mgh.
Power: P = W/t.
Conservation: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Topic 8: Moments – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Moment: Moment = F × d (turning effect).
Principle of Moments: Sum of clockwise moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments.
Centre of Gravity: Point where weight appears to act.

Topic 9: Elasticity – Summary

🔑 Key Points:

Hooke's Law: F = kx.
Stress: σ = F/A. Strain: ε = ΔL/L₀.
Young's Modulus: E = σ/ε = (F × L₀)/(A × ΔL).

Key Formulas Summary

Topic	Formula	Variables
Velocity	v = s/t	s = displacement, t = time
Acceleration	a = (v − u)/t	v = final velocity, u = initial velocity
Equation of Motion	v = u + at	a = acceleration
Equation of Motion	s = ut + ½at²	s = displacement
Equation of Motion	v² = u² + 2as	—
Force	F = ma	m = mass, a = acceleration
Weight	W = mg	g = 9.8 m/s²
Friction	F = μR	μ = coefficient of friction
Work	W = F × d × cos θ	d = displacement, θ = angle
Kinetic Energy	KE = ½mv²	v = velocity
Potential Energy	PE = mgh	h = height
Power	P = W/t	W = work, t = time
Moment	M = F × d	d = perpendicular distance
Hooke's Law	F = kx	k = spring constant, x = extension
Stress	σ = F/A	A = cross-sectional area
Strain	ε = ΔL/L₀	L₀ = original length
Young's Modulus	E = σ/ε	E = Young's modulus

Revision Questions

Test your understanding of all First Term topics:

Section A: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct option)

Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
A) Force B) Velocity C) Mass D) Displacement
The SI unit of force is:
A) Joule B) Newton C) Watt D) Pascal
Which instrument measures length with the highest precision?
A) Metre rule B) Vernier calliper C) Micrometer screw gauge D) Tape measure
Newton's Second Law is expressed as:
A) F = ma B) F = m/a C) F = a/m D) F = m + a
The turning effect of a force is called:
A) Work B) Power C) Moment D) Energy
Hooke's Law states that:
A) F = kx B) F = k/x C) F = x/k D) F = kx²
Kinetic energy is given by:
A) mgh B) ½mv² C) mv² D) ½mgh
The coefficient of friction has:
A) Units of N B) Units of kg C) No units D) Units of m/s²
Which of the following is a vector quantity?
A) Mass B) Length C) Force D) Time
The Principle of Moments states that:
A) Clockwise moments = Anticlockwise moments
B) Clockwise moments > Anticlockwise moments
C) Clockwise moments < Anticlockwise moments
D) Moments are always zero

Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A, 5-C, 6-A, 7-B, 8-C, 9-C, 10-A

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Define physics and state its three branches.
What is the difference between precision and accuracy?
Distinguish between speed and velocity.
State Newton's three laws of motion.
What is the difference between static and sliding friction?
State the Principle of Moments.
What is Hooke's Law?
State the law of conservation of energy.
What is a scalar quantity? Give two examples.
What is Young's modulus?

Section C: Calculation Questions

A car travels 120 km in 2 hours. Calculate its speed in m/s.
A force of 50 N is applied to a 10 kg object. Calculate the acceleration.
A spring extends by 0.12 m when a force of 30 N is applied. Calculate the spring constant.
A 5 kg object is lifted to a height of 8 m. Calculate its potential energy. (g = 10 m/s²)
A force of 40 N is applied at a perpendicular distance of 0.5 m from a pivot. Calculate the moment.
A car accelerates from 5 m/s to 25 m/s in 4 seconds. Calculate the acceleration.
A 2 kg object is moving at 6 m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy.
A person does 500 J of work in 10 seconds. Calculate the power.
A force of 15 N extends a spring by 0.05 m. Calculate the work done in stretching the spring.
A wire of length 2.0 m and cross-sectional area 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ m² is stretched by a force of 100 N, causing an extension of 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ m. Calculate Young's modulus.

Answers to Section B

1. Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. Branches: Mechanics, Heat & Thermodynamics, Electricity & Magnetism.

2. Precision is how close repeated measurements are to each other; accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value.

3. Speed is scalar (distance/time); velocity is vector (displacement/time).

4. 1st: Inertia. 2nd: F = ma. 3rd: Action-reaction.

5. Static friction acts on objects at rest; sliding friction acts on moving objects.

6. For equilibrium, clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments.

7. F = kx (force is proportional to extension within elastic limit).

8. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

9. A scalar has only magnitude. Examples: mass, length.

10. Young's modulus is the ratio of stress to strain (measure of stiffness).

Answers to Section C

1. Speed = 120/2 = 60 km/h = 60 × 1000/3600 = 16.67 m/s

2. a = F/m = 50/10 = 5 m/s²

3. k = F/x = 30/0.12 = 250 N/m

4. PE = mgh = 5 × 10 × 8 = 400 J

5. Moment = 40 × 0.5 = 20 Nm

6. a = (25−5)/4 = 20/4 = 5 m/s²

7. KE = ½ × 2 × 6² = 1 × 36 = 36 J

8. P = 500/10 = 50 W

9. Work = ½kx² = ½ × (15/0.05) × (0.05)² = ½ × 300 × 0.0025 = 0.375 J

10. E = (100 × 2.0)/(2.0 × 10⁻⁶ × 2.0 × 10⁻⁴) = 200/4.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ = 5.0 × 10¹¹ N/m²

Examination Preparation Tips

📌 Tips for Success:

Review all formulas – make a formula sheet and memorise them.
Understand key definitions – be able to explain concepts in your own words.
Practice calculations – work through all examples and assignment questions.
Know your units – be familiar with SI units for all quantities.
Draw diagrams – practice drawing free body diagrams, ray diagrams, and graphs.
Understand vector addition – know how to add vectors in same, opposite, and perpendicular directions.
Master the equations of motion – know when to use each equation.
Time management – allocate time for each section during the exam.
Read questions carefully – identify what is being asked before answering.

Board Summary

╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ SS1 PHYSICS – FIRST TERM REVISION ║ ╠════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • Physics: Study of matter, energy, and interactions ║ ║ • Fundamental quantities: Length, Mass, Time, Current, Temperature, ║ ║ Amount, Luminous Intensity ║ ║ • Scalars vs Vectors ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 2: MEASUREMENT ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • Instruments: Metre rule, Vernier calliper, Micrometer screw gauge ║ ║ • Errors: Systematic, Random, Gross ║ ║ • Precision vs Accuracy; Significant figures ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 3: SCALARS & VECTORS ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • Scalar: magnitude only (mass, length, speed) ║ ║ • Vector: magnitude + direction (force, velocity, displacement) ║ ║ • Speed vs Velocity, Distance vs Displacement ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 4: POSITION & MOTION ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as ║ ║ • a = (v − u)/t ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 5: FORCE I ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • Newton's Laws: 1st (Inertia), 2nd (F = ma), 3rd (Action-Reaction) ║ ║ • W = mg (weight) ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 6: FORCE II – FRICTION ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • F = μR, Types: Static, Sliding, Rolling, Fluid ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 7: WORK, ENERGY & POWER ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • W = Fd cos θ, KE = ½mv², PE = mgh, P = W/t ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 8: MOMENTS ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • Moment = F × d, Principle: CW = ACW ║ ║ ║ ║ WEEK 9: ELASTICITY ║ ║ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ║ ║ • Hooke's Law: F = kx, σ = F/A, ε = ΔL/L₀, E = σ/ε ║ ║ ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

✅ Good luck with your examination!

Remember to stay calm, read all questions carefully, and show your working clearly. You've got this! 💪