📌 Welcome to Your Second Term Revision!
This comprehensive revision covers all the topics from the Second Term. Use this to:
- Review key concepts from each topic (Weeks 2–9).
- Practice with mixed revision questions.
- Prepare for your end-of-term examination.
- Identify areas that need more attention.
Topics Covered in Second Term
| Week |
Topic |
Key Concepts |
| 2 |
Pressure |
P = F/A, P = ρgh, atmospheric pressure, Pascal's Principle, barometer, manometer, hydraulic press. |
| 3 |
Density and Relative Density |
ρ = m/V, R.D. = ρsubstance/ρwater, measuring density (regular/irregular/liquids), density bottle, Archimedes' principle. |
| 4 |
Heat I – Temperature & Thermometers |
Temperature vs heat, thermometric properties, types of thermometers, Celsius/Fahrenheit/Kelvin scales, conversion formulas, calibration, mercury vs alcohol. |
| 5 |
Heat II – Thermal Expansion |
ΔL = αL₀ΔT, β ≈ 2α, γ ≈ 3α, anomalous expansion of water, applications (bimetallic strip, gaps), consequences. |
| 6 |
Heat III – Thermal Conductivity |
k (W/m·K), Q/t = kAΔT/L, good vs bad conductors, factors affecting conductivity, Fourier's Law, applications. |
| 7 |
Heat IV – Latent Heat |
L_f = Q/m, L_v = Q/m, heating/cooling curves, phase changes, applications (refrigeration, sweating, steam). |
| 8 |
Heat V – Gas Laws |
Boyle's Law (P₁V₁ = P₂V₂), Charles's Law (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂), Pressure Law (P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂), Combined Gas Law (P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂), PV = nRT. |
| 9 |
Light I – Reflection |
Rectilinear propagation, laws of reflection (i = r), specular vs diffuse reflection, plane mirrors, real vs virtual images, lateral inversion. |
Summary Diagram – All Topics
Second Term Topics – Summary
Key Formula Summary
| Topic |
Formula |
Variables |
| Pressure |
P = F/A |
F = force, A = area |
| Pressure in Fluids |
P = ρgh |
ρ = density, g = gravity, h = depth |
| Density |
ρ = m/V |
m = mass, V = volume |
| Relative Density |
R.D. = ρsubstance/ρwater |
ρwater = 1000 kg/m³ |
| Thermal Expansion (Linear) |
ΔL = αL₀ΔT |
α = coeff. of linear expansion |
| Thermal Conductivity |
Q/t = kAΔT/L |
k = thermal conductivity |
| Latent Heat of Fusion |
L_f = Q/m |
Q = heat energy, m = mass |
| Latent Heat of Vaporization |
L_v = Q/m |
Q = heat energy, m = mass |
| Boyle's Law |
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ |
T = constant |
| Charles's Law |
V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ |
P = constant |
| Pressure Law |
P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ |
V = constant |
| Combined Gas Law |
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂ |
n = constant |
| General Gas Equation |
PV = nRT |
R = 8.314 J/mol·K |
| Reflection |
i = r |
i = angle of incidence, r = angle of reflection |
| Number of Images |
n = 360°/θ − 1 |
θ = angle between mirrors |
| Temperature Conversion |
°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32 |
— |
| Temperature Conversion |
K = °C + 273.15 |
— |
Topic-by-Topic Revision
Week 2: Pressure
🔑 Key Points:
- Pressure = Force / Area (P = F/A). Unit: Pascal (Pa).
- Pressure in fluids: P = ρgh. Increases with depth.
- Atmospheric pressure at sea level = 101,325 Pa.
- Pascal's Principle: Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
- Applications: Hydraulic press, barometer, manometer.
Week 3: Density and Relative Density
🔑 Key Points:
- Density = Mass / Volume (ρ = m/V). Unit: kg/m³.
- Relative Density = ρsubstance / ρwater (no units).
- Density of water = 1000 kg/m³.
- Methods: Regular objects (geometric), Irregular objects (water displacement), Liquids (density bottle).
- Applications: Hydrometer, ships, hot air balloons.
Week 4: Temperature and Thermometers
🔑 Key Points:
- Temperature ≠ Heat. Temperature = average kinetic energy.
- Thermometric properties: expansion, resistance, pressure, voltage.
- Scales: Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (K).
- Conversions: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32; K = °C + 273.15.
- Mercury: high boiling point, uniform expansion, toxic. Alcohol: low freezing point, cheap.
Week 5: Thermal Expansion
🔑 Key Points:
- Linear: ΔL = αL₀ΔT. Area: β ≈ 2α. Volume: γ ≈ 3α.
- Anomalous expansion of water: maximum density at 4°C.
- Applications: Bimetallic strip (thermostats), expansion gaps, thermometers, hot air balloons.
- Consequences: Buckling, cracking, bursting pipes.
Week 6: Thermal Conductivity
🔑 Key Points:
- Good conductors: Metals (silver, copper, aluminium).
- Insulators: Wood, glass, rubber, plastic, air.
- Fourier's Law: Q/t = kAΔT/L.
- Factors: Material type, temperature, density, purity, physical state.
- Applications: Cooking pots, heat sinks, thermos flasks, building insulation.
Week 7: Latent Heat
🔑 Key Points:
- Latent heat: Hidden heat during phase change (no temperature change).
- L_f = Q/m (fusion: solid ↔ liquid). Water L_f = 3.34 × 10⁵ J/kg.
- L_v = Q/m (vaporization: liquid ↔ gas). Water L_v = 2.26 × 10⁶ J/kg.
- Heating curve: Flat sections at melting and boiling points.
- Applications: Refrigeration, sweating, steam cooking, ice cooling.
Week 8: Gas Laws
🔑 Key Points:
- Boyle's Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (constant T).
- Charles's Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (constant P).
- Pressure Law: P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ (constant V).
- Combined: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂.
- General: PV = nRT.
- Temperature must be in KELVIN.
Week 9: Light – Reflection
🔑 Key Points:
- Light travels in straight lines (rectilinear propagation).
- Laws: (i) Incident ray, reflected ray, normal in same plane. (ii) i = r.
- Specular (smooth → clear image) vs Diffuse (rough → scattered).
- Plane mirror image: Virtual, upright, same size, laterally inverted, image distance = object distance.
- Real: can be projected, inverted. Virtual: cannot be projected, upright.
Mixed Revision Questions
Test your understanding of all Second Term topics:
Section A: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct option)
- Pressure is defined as:
A) Force × Area B) Force / Area C) Area / Force D) Mass / Volume
- The SI unit of density is:
A) kg/m³ B) g/cm³ C) kg·m³ D) N/m²
- Which of the following is a good conductor of heat?
A) Wood B) Rubber C) Copper D) Glass
- The latent heat of fusion is the heat required for:
A) Solid → Liquid B) Liquid → Gas C) Gas → Liquid D) Liquid → Solid
- Charles's Law states that at constant pressure:
A) V ∝ 1/T B) V ∝ T C) P ∝ 1/V D) P ∝ T
- A plane mirror produces an image that is:
A) Real and inverted B) Real and upright C) Virtual and upright D) Virtual and inverted
- The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection is the:
A) First Law of Reflection B) Second Law of Reflection C) Third Law of Reflection D) Law of Refraction
- Water has maximum density at:
A) 0°C B) 4°C C) 100°C D) 25°C
- Fourier's Law relates heat flow to:
A) P = F/A B) Q/t = kAΔT/L C) P = ρgh D) V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
- Relative density has:
A) Units of kg/m³ B) Units of Pa C) No units D) Units of J/kg
Answers: 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A, 5-B, 6-C, 7-B, 8-B, 9-B, 10-C
Section B: Short Answer Questions
- Define pressure and state its SI unit.
- What is the difference between density and relative density?
- State the two laws of reflection.
- What is the difference between temperature and heat?
- State Boyle's Law in words.
- What is latent heat of vaporization?
- Why does water expand when cooled below 4°C?
- List three applications of thermal expansion.
- What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image?
- State Charles's Law mathematically.
Section C: Calculation Questions
- A force of 200 N acts on an area of 0.5 m². Calculate the pressure.
- A liquid has a mass of 400 g and a volume of 200 cm³. Calculate its density in g/cm³ and kg/m³.
- An iron rod of length 3.0 m at 20°C is heated to 80°C. Calculate the increase in length. (α = 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ /°C)
- How much heat is required to melt 2.0 kg of ice at 0°C? (L_f = 3.34 × 10⁵ J/kg)
- A gas occupies 0.3 m³ at 200,000 Pa. If the pressure is increased to 300,000 Pa at constant temperature, what is the new volume?
- Convert 25°C to Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
- A copper plate of thickness 0.01 m and area 0.6 m² has a temperature difference of 30°C. Calculate the rate of heat flow. (k for copper = 401 W/m·K)
- An object is placed 20 cm in front of a plane mirror. How far behind the mirror is the image formed?
- A gas has a volume of 2.0 m³ at 27°C. What is the volume at 127°C at constant pressure?
- Calculate the relative density of a substance with density 1500 kg/m³. (ρ_water = 1000 kg/m³)
Answers to Section B
1. Pressure = Force / Area. SI unit: Pascal (Pa).
2. Density is mass per unit volume (kg/m³); relative density is the ratio of density of a substance to that of water (no units).
3. (i) Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane. (ii) Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.
4. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy; heat is energy that flows due to temperature difference.
5. For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.
6. Latent heat of vaporization is the heat required to change a liquid to gas at its boiling point without temperature change.
7. Water has maximum density at 4°C; below 4°C, the molecular structure causes expansion as it cools.
8. Bimetallic strips, expansion gaps in bridges, thermometers, hot air balloons, metal rims on wheels.
9. Real image: actual intersection of rays, can be projected, inverted. Virtual image: apparent intersection, cannot be projected, upright.
10. V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂.
Answers to Section C
1. P = 200 / 0.5 = 400 Pa
2. ρ = 400 / 200 = 2 g/cm³ = 2000 kg/m³
3. ΔT = 80 − 20 = 60°C; ΔL = 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ × 3.0 × 60 = 2.16 × 10⁻³ m = 2.16 mm
4. Q = 2.0 × 3.34 × 10⁵ = 6.68 × 10⁵ J (668 kJ)
5. P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ → 200,000 × 0.3 = 300,000 × V₂ → V₂ = 0.2 m³
6. °F = (25 × 9/5) + 32 = 77°F; K = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 K
7. Q/t = 401 × 0.6 × 30 / 0.01 = 7218 / 0.01 = 721,800 W
8. Image distance = Object distance = 20 cm behind the mirror.
9. T₁ = 27 + 273 = 300 K; T₂ = 127 + 273 = 400 K; V₂ = 2.0 × 400 / 300 = 2.67 m³
10. R.D. = 1500 / 1000 = 1.5
Examination Preparation Tips
📌 Tips for Success:
- Review all formulas – make a formula sheet and memorise them.
- Understand key definitions – be able to explain concepts in your own words.
- Practice calculations – work through all examples and assignment questions.
- Know your units – be familiar with SI units for all quantities.
- Use Kelvin for gas law problems – always convert °C to K.
- Draw diagrams – practice drawing reflection ray diagrams and heating curves.
- Know the properties of water – density at 4°C, latent heat values.
- Time management – allocate time for each section during the exam.
- Read questions carefully – identify what is being asked before answering.
✅ Good luck with your examination!
Remember to stay calm, read all questions carefully, and show your working clearly. You've got this! 💪